International Journal of Physical Education, Sports, Health and Nutrition

Chronic lifestyle diseases have emerged as a major public health concern in India, largely driven by long-term changes in food habits and dietary patterns. This study examines the relationship between food consumption practices and the rising burden of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and certain diet-related cancers. India’s traditional dietary patterns, characterized by high intake of whole grains, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and minimally processed foods, have historically offered protection against many chronic diseases. However, rapid urbanization, economic growth, and lifestyle transitions have led to increased consumption of refined carbohydrates, saturated and Trans fats, sugars, and ultra-processed foods. These dietary shifts influence cardio metabolic risk through mechanisms involving glycaemic load, lipid quality, systemic inflammation, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. Significant regional, socio-economic, and rural–urban variations in food habits further shape disease prevalence across populations. Evidence highlights that urban populations experience higher disease risk due to sedentary lifestyles and altered food environments, while rural areas are undergoing accelerated nutritional transitions. The findings emphasize the importance of preserving culturally appropriate traditional diets, improving dietary diversity, and promoting healthier food environments. Strengthening nutrition-sensitive policies and public health interventions is essential to reduce the growing burden of chronic lifestyle diseases in India.